"Salthe points out that there can be - and need be - no canonical listing of levels. There are far more instances of emergence, far more componential constructions of wholes with novel properties, than we can list, so emergence is a necessary but insufficient criteria of strata. The criteria that can legitimately be used to distinguish strata are many. They include at least: a) scale of mass, energy, volume, or speed of processes; b) regularity peaks; c) degree of entification; d) compositional level, or what is part of what whole; e) degree of complexity; f) emergent properties or performances; and g) the need of distinctive scientific methods and concepts."

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