"The phenomenon": means parts combining to form a whole that provides new properties, and which can in turn combine again with other parts to provide other new properties and do so recursively. System thus means not just an

• synergy refers to the coming together that produces new properties (usually seen as advantageous)

• system refers to the pattern of parts together forming a whole

• holistic refers to all of the parts and relationships collectively within an environment

• levels refers to the hierarchy of system types

• synthesis refers to the approached needed to understand a system within its overall context

• system of systems refers to the universe from a systems perspective

• cybernetics refers to the communications and control of the parts within a system

• cosmic (system) evolution refers to the process of developing the hierarchy of system types and new properties throughout the universe ever since the 'Big Bang'

• (Darwinian) evolution refers to cosmic evolution among living systems on Earth (and possibly elsewhere); a subtype of cosmic evolution

• unexpected consequences refers to holistic effects not understood at the time action is taken

• fragmentation is viewing a system individually rather than as part of the whole system of systems

• coherence is viewing holistically using definitions that are true as a whole

• more than the sum ... refers to the novel property or properties of the whole not present in the parts

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