INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Primer Dialogue

8-22-96

Editorial Example

Walter has provided us, below, with an example of how each "slice" of systems should be written to be interconsistent with each other.. In one sentence, the major general headings will appear as shown below throughout the Primer, the details will vary according to the particular sub-system being studied.

Overall, each slice, walt's is an example, will be linked to a general index of systemic terms ( a "word-map") arranged according to the four domains of general systems (much like section 5.0 below). Phase 1 is the compilation of the general index, phase 2 will be the compiliation of the particular slices of systems, phase 3 will be the defining process.

The end result will be a book in which each significant term is linked to multiple descriptions at multiple levels of difficulty in multiple perspectives. A reader then could access a wide range of simple definitions, or alternatively the reader could dive in depth eventually reaching the cutting edge, or the reader could simply take the tour where we would show him or her where to go next.

Charles, Markus, and I will be constructing the general index over the next few months. Members of the Primer group will be reviewing and commenting on our work as it evolves. Once we have constructed the general index, actually a word map or model of all systems, we will ask everyone to fill in the blanks. Of course you don't have to wait for us, you can define your own favorite word at any time.

A Slice of the Primer....

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1.0 DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS

http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/systems.html

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1.2 EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS:

Communicating vessels
The Solar system
The system of the sun and earth
The earth & moon system
A set of three portable radio links (e.g., walky - talkies)
A bus full of people
The British Empire
A spy and his country
A human being
A dog
The electrical system of a car
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2.0 INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/intsyst.html

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2.1 EXAMPLES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS:
- A human being
- A higher animal (dog, deer, mouse)
- An electronic system that has senses, actuators, an objective and can
- learn to act so as to reach its objective.
- A hypothetical extraterrestrial being who visits earth.
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  2.3 SOCIETIES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
  
  http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/society.html
  Because of questions of copyright, I would like to ask you NOT to write the detail of these definitions in the PRIMER but to just give these URL addresses.
  Thus the reader can jump to the definition and jump right back and keep reading.
  It looks to me that it would be good idea to have the PRIMER linked to all texts existing on the web, so that the reader can expand into related areas whenever she/he wants.
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  2.4 EXAMPLES OF SOCIETIES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS:
  
  T
  - he U.S.A.
  - A city
  - A club
  - A commercial enterprise
  - A beehive
  - A wolf pack
  - An electronic system composed of several intelligent systems which
  - cooperate to reach a common goal
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  3.0 "SCHOLARLY OUTLINE"
  
  Below are all the concepts needed for discussing systems, intelligent systems and their societies.
  For defining concepts later in the list, those earlier in the list are needed.
  All definitions exist, in an alphabetical order, at: http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/glossary.html
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  - Universe
  - Part
  - Energy
  - Bit
  - Structure
  - Transformation
  - Communication
  - Correlation
  - System
  - Environment
  - Frontier
  - Sense
  - Stimulus
  - Sensation
  - Concept
  - Elementary concept
  - Abstract concept
  - Composite concept
  - Present Situation
  - Situation
  - Objective
  - Action
  - Response
  - Information
  - Act
  - Intelligent system
  - Ethical action
  - Ethical objective
  - Pleasure
  - Experience
  - Response rule
  - Mind
  - Brain
  - Intelligence:
  - Learning
  - Plan
  - Society
  - Member
  - Governing subsociety
  - Ethics
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  4.0 Summary of "INTELLIGENT SYSTEM" (IS):
  
  See also: http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/intsyst.html
  
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  5.0 THE FOUR DOMAINS
  
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  5.1 PHILOSOPHY:
  
  (a) The theory of IS permits to understand how some systems can react to their environment so as to reach their objectives. It clarifies what intelligence is.
  (b) All IS's are highly organized systems and we can view them all as having the same main parts.
  (c) "Know Thyself" said an ancient philosopher. The body is known through Biology and Medicine, but the mind can best be understood by studying intelligent systems.
  We see that intelligence is not absolute but that there are many levels of intelligence. Also the intelligence of a system is related to some area of expertise, a system is not equally intelligent in all activities.
  
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  5.2 THEORY:
  
  (a) and (b). All IS's have a main objective which they try to accomplish. The IS is organized as a system having: a part (the senses) converting communications from the environment into internal information (expressed as elementary concepts);
  a part summarizing this information in terms of a series of concepts into a representation of the present situation;
  a part selecting a response rule from memory;
  and a part translating the concepts of the action part of the response rule into action commands.
  The IS learns from its actions and from observation of other IS's.
  Also, during external inactivity, new, more general, response rules are created by reviewing it's memory of experiences. To do this, the system creates composite and abstract concepts.
  During its functioning an intelligent system consumes energy. As all systems, the intelligent system has a limited life span.
  (c) A human being is an IS, and all processes of the IS can be observed in persons and artificial IS's. For instance in the REM phase of sleeping, the creation of new concepts and of general response rules occurs, we review our recent experiences. We think with our concepts. These represent objects and occurrences in our environment. We communicate our concepts with words. These are three separate entities and should not be confused. Habits and character of a person are the result of learning very general response rules.
  
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  5.3 METHODOLOGY:
  
  (a) Technical: The concept of IS's can be used to analyze societies or to build artificial intelligent systems, such as robots. IS's use something called concepts. Concepts are stored in artificial IS's in memory and contain the relationship of this concept to other concepts. A concept can be a part of a total or it can be the total that contains parts.
  It can also be to be a concrete example of an abstract concept or an abstract concept containing its examples. The selection of a response rule in a given situation depends of how well the situation part of the rule corresponds to the present situation and on how successful the rule was in the past. In natural IS's the body signals the state of obtention of the main objective by pleasure and pain. (b) Organizational: The concept of intelligent systems and their properties can be applied to all organizations, such as clubs, commercial and industrial enterprises. (c) Personal: Using the concepts of IS's should help in psychoanalysis; it should help to correct the activities of persons. It has been found that an element of chance is necessary in the selection of a response rule that is to be done; but the selection can only be between response rules stored in memory. "Free will": We see that the choice is partly by chance and severely limited. We commonly call the processes occurring in the brain the "mind".
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  5.4 APPLICATIONS:
  
  (a) With the theory of Intelligent Systems a person is able to explain better the processes within an Intelligent System and to predict occurrences. See: http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/humans.html Also we can build machines that think and thus have a better standard of living. (b) Looking at societies as a system composed of intelligent systems, allows us to understand them better and to improve their organization. (c) Understanding IS's helps to reason better and to obtain one's objectives with greater ease. See: http://www.clark.net/pub/nhp/int_syst/incrint.html Also we see that communications from other IS's have to be carefully checked, many times they are wrong. Acting on a false representation of the situation leads to bad actions.
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INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Primer Dialogue

Editorial Example

A Slice of the Primer....

1.0 DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS

1.2 EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS:

2.0 INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

2.1 EXAMPLES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS:

2.3 SOCIETIES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

2.4 EXAMPLES OF SOCIETIES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS:

3.0 "SCHOLARLY OUTLINE"

4.0 Summary of "INTELLIGENT SYSTEM" (IS):

5.0 THE FOUR DOMAINS

5.1 PHILOSOPHY:

5.2 THEORY:

5.3 METHODOLOGY:

5.4 APPLICATIONS: